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The swastika design is known from artefacts of various cultures since the Neolithic, and it recurs with some frequency on artefacts dated to the Germanic Iron Age, i.e. the Migration period to Viking Age period in Scandinavia, including the Vendel era in Sweden, attested from as early as the 3rd century in Elder Futhark inscriptions and as late as the 9th century on Viking Age image stones. In older literature, the symbol is known variously as ''gammadion'', ''fylfot'', ''crux gothica'', ''flanged thwarts'', or ''angled cross''.〔George Stephens, ''The Runic Hall in the Danish Old-Northern Museum'', Michaelsen and Tillge (1868). "(Snodelev stone ) is also remarkable in another way. Above the runes, on the left, are 3 Horns in the shape of a triskele, here doubtless . On the right side is the Flanged Thwarts, or pre-Christian 4-angled cross, here doubtless ."〕 English use of the Sanskritism ''swastika'' for the symbol dates to the 1870s, at first in the context of Hindu and Buddhist traditions, but from the 1890s also in cross-cultural comparison.〔e.g. Smithsonian Institution annual report, 1896, (p. 796 ).〕 Examples include a 2nd-century funerary urn of the Przeworsk culture, the 3rd century Værløse Fibula from Zealand, Denmark, the Gothic spearhead from Brest-Litovsk, Russia, the 9th century Snoldelev Stone from Ramsø, Denmark, and numerous Migration Period bracteates. The swastika is drawn either left-facing or right-facing, sometimes with "feet" attached to its four legs.〔Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen (1990). ''Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past'', page 148. ISBN 978-87-7468-274-5〕 The symbol is closely related to the triskele, a symbol of three-fold rotational symmetry, which occurs on artefacts of the same period. When considered as a four-fold rotational symmetrical analogue of the triskele, the symbol is sometimes also referred to as ''tetraskele''. The swastika symbol in the Germanic Iron Age has been interpreted as having a sacral meaning, associated with either Odin or Thor.〔 ==Bracteates== A number of bracteates, with or without runic inscriptions, show a swastika. Most of these bracteates are of the "C" type, showing a human head above a quadruped, often interpreted as the Germanic god Woden/Odin.〔Poul Kjærum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. ''Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past'' (1990), ISBN 978-87-7468-274-5〕 The swastika in most of these cases is placed next to the head. The majority of these swastikas are left-facing (卍), but there are also a number of right-facing (卐) instances. In this context that the direction of the runic inscriptions on bracteates always is right-to-left (the mirror image of the stamp used to produce the bracteates), and in the transcription below the swastika is mirrored to preserve its directionality relative to the reading direction. Examples where the swastika is part of the inscription include (DR being the Rundata province code for "Denmark"): DR BR12 Darum 4 (lïïaþzet lae : t卐ozrï);〔(photograph BR 12 (arild-hauge.com) )〕 DR BR38 Bolbro 1 and DR BR40 Allesø (both zlut : eaþl lauz 卐 owa );〔(photograph BR38 (arild-hauge.com) ); (photograph BR40 (arild-hauge.com) )〕 DR BR41 Vedby (...] lauz 卐 owa ); DR BR53 Maglemose 2 (卍(l)kaz).〔(photograph BR53 (arild-hauge.com) )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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